Physical properties color color normally indicates of purity of lubricants especially synthetics. Here is a guide to typical technical properties for amsoil motor oils courtesy of amsoil inc. Dispersants keep the foreign particles present in a lubricant in a dispersed form finely. It is measured at specific temperature by hydrometer or automatic density meter. Although this chapter is primarily about liquid lubricants, it is worthwhile to spend a little time discussing some of the other popular lubricant types, i. Changes with temperature, decreasing temperature increases viscosity. Fundamentals of lubricants and lubrication scientific spectator. Both these properties are affected by the molecular structure of the lubricant. They are much better than ordinary lubricants because they can work under extreme conditions.
Lubricants lubricants are those substances, which are used to reduce the force of friction between two sliding surfaces. Fuels and lubricants handbook technology, properties. Paraffins are the desired content in crude and what are used to make fuels. These oils are characterized by excellent viscosity and temperature properties as well. This chapter discusses the viscosity and density of lubricants, as they are the two important physical properties associated with lubrication. Request pdf physical properties of lubricants the fundamental physical properties of a lubricant that determine its lubrication and performance. Additives can improve the intrinsic lubrication properties of the base oil surface additives, develop new properties performanceenhancing additives, or. Lubricating oil fractions extracted from crude oil are a widely. Linear and flexible structures provide better viscositytemperature characteristics. Lubrication lubrication is the process, or technique employed to reduce wear on surfaces in close proximity, and moving relative to each another. Solid lubricants possess lamellar structure preventing direct contact between the sliding surfaces even at high loads. A lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which reduces the heat generated. Boron nitride, tungsten disulfide and polytetrafluorethylene ptfe are other solid lubricants.
The tribological behavior of graphene and graphite as additives in canola oil was investigated with a pinondisk tribometer. Penetrating lubricants are the saviors of many stuckbolt combatants, loosening years of rust and debris in minutes. Detergents are designed to coat internal surfaces of components during normal expected operation to prevent deposits from forming. Lubricants and its properties free download as powerpoint presentation. Combination of different additives and their quantities are determined by the lubricant type engine. Effect of micro and nanosized carbonous solid lubricants. Cosmetic and fine chemical use demand very rigorous control of properties. Basics of lubrication are covered by organic chemistry to a major. Lubricant properties viscosity is the measurement of a fluids resistance to flow and is the single most important property of a lubricant. A study of enhancement of the properties of lubricant oil. A lubricant is a substance, usually organic, introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in. These lists include brand names of lubricants and the ph levels and osmolalities of each product.
Grease generally consists of a soap emulsified with mineral or vegetable oil. Introduction to properties and performance provides an easy to understand overview of tribology and lubricant chemistry. Oils that operate over a wide temperature range need vi improvers. The density of a lubricant is actually the function of pressure and temperature. Pdf lubrication and lubricants are the most important aspect for running a machine without giving prematured failure. Metalworking and drilling fluid uses normally have lower needs on overall purity and chemical properties.
Mohammed chemical and petrochemical engineering department, university of anbar, iraq. The physical properties of an oil depend on its base stock. Lubricants and lubrication from the well to the applications. Physical properties of lubricants valvoline technical services page 1 following are the important properties of a lubricant. A lubricant is a substance, usually organic, introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. Common properties of lubricants that affect vehicle fuel. The substance is introduced in between two surfaces. Higher the apha color, higher is the presence of undesirable impurities in the lubricant. Pdf properties of lubricants and lubrication hanif.
Lets take a look at the physical properties of lubricants first. Density density is fundamental physical property of oil. Request pdf physical properties of lubricants the fundamental physical properties of a lubricant that determine its lubrication and performance characteristics are discussed in this chapter. Solid lubricants are also used in form of dry powder or as constituents of coatings. Na or ba barium, are used as detergents in lubricants. It was found that graphene and graphite as additives in oil show a lower coefficient of friction and wear rate in comparison. Technology, properties, performance, and testing, first edition was published in 2003 and it contained 38 chapters. The lowest temperature at which a sample of oil can be poured determines the pour point. Fuels and lubricants handbook technology, properties, performance, and testing. The wear surfaces of the aluminum pins lubricated with the additivecontaining canola oil were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy sem. Lubrication properties technology transfer services.
Relevant astm test results are reported on amsoil product data bulletins as typical technical properties. Used mineralbased crankcase oil is a complex mixture of low and high c. Forms of solid lubricants requirements to solid lubricants properties characterization of solid lubricants classification of solid lubricants. The who recommends using a lubricant with a ph of 4. Solid lubricants are mainly used as additives to oils and greases. Properties of lubricants principles of tribology wiley. Additives used to keep internal surfaces clean from contaminants. Graphite and molybdenum disulfide particles are common solid lubricants. They are the lubricants that are prepared in laboratory. Characteristics of crude oil the hydrocarbons in crude oil can generally be divided into four categories.
Specifically, it addresses the brush or spray application of these lubricants and their cure times at elevated temperatures. Hey readers, this is saswata again came with a new article named cutting fluid, in this article, i will discuss the properties, purposes, types, and applications of a coolant or cutting fluid. Technology, properties, performance, and testing astm manual series, mnl 37 0th edition by george e. Mnl 37wcd details this manual is a comprehensive, indepth, wellreferenced handbook that provides a detailed overview of all of the important astm and nonastm fuels and lubricants test procedures. A lubricant is a substance of high viscosity which promotes the lubrication process. Understanding surface and bulk properties of lubricants. Pdf properties of lubricants and lubrication hanif dewan. Environmentally acceptable lubricants section 2 types of environmentally acceptable lubricants.
The specifications of the lubricant manufacturer and the recommendations of the machine manufacturer are the basis for selection and subject to change without advance advice. Introduction to properties and performance is a comprehensive reference for industry practitioners tribologists, lubricant technicians, and lubricant chemists, etc and is also an excellent source of information for graduate and undergraduate students. What is the significance and meaning of test results. Lubricant properties whenever an object moves against another object, friction will be present, turning kinetic energy into heat and causing equipment to wear. Process specification for dryfilm lubricant application.
Keep surfaces separate under all loads, temperatures and speeds, thus minimizing friction and wear. Solid lubricants may be present in the friction area in forms of either dispersed particles or surface films. The shorter the paraffins are, the lighter the crude is. Oct, 2015 properties of good lubricants a lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which reduces the heat generated. Physical properties of oil viscosity the viscosity of an oil is a measure of the oils resistance to shear. Any shadetree mechanic would agree that these types of lubricants deserve their own special section. Viscosity properties of base lubricating oils containing mineral oil. Technology, properties, performance, and testing essentially, all of the important applications and test methods involved in the fuels and lubricants. Depending on its nature, lubricants are also used to eliminate heat and wear debris, supply additives into the contact, transmit power, protec. A study of enhancement of the properties of lubricant oil ahmed n. Osmolality and ph properties of some commercial lubricants. Lubricants control friction and wear by creating a film that separates contacting surfaces, which consequently reduces energy consumption and prolongs.
Lubricants are a combination of the base oil and the additives and the specific combination depends on the properties of both. Coating film of a solid lubricant applied on the part surface. Properties of lubricant free download as powerpoint presentation. Physical properties of lubricants request pdf researchgate. Viscosity is more commonly known as resistance to flow. Detergents may have a limited abilty to clean existing system deposits. Using lubricants helps to reduce this friction, allowing more work to be done for the same amount of energy input, lowering the temperatures of the materials in contact, and greatly extending the lifespan of the moving equipment. Requirements and properties of lubricants lubricants must have the following main characteristics keep surfaces separate under all loads, temperatures and speeds, thus minimizing friction and wear.
Synthetic lubricating oils have been widely used in aviation oil production. It may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces. High viscosity implies a high resistance to flow while a low viscosity indicates a low resistance to flow. In most cases it is chemically inert there are three sources of base stock. Liquid lubricants are classified into many types, depending on the type of base. Highperformance lubricants are formulated from a base stock often an oil blend and propertyenhancing additives. Tribology is the study of friction, wear, and lubrication of surfaces in relative motion. Liquid lubricants reduce friction and wear between two moving or sliding metallic surfaces by providing a continuous fluid film in between them. Turbine oils need good demulsibility while wheel bearing greases need emulsibility. The first part of the book is theoretical and provides an introduction to tribological contact, friction, wear and lubrication, as well as the basic concepts regarding properties and the most commonly made.
Effect of some physical and chemical properties of lubricants on. They act as a cooling medium, a sealing agent, and a corrosion preventor. The characteristic feature of greases is that they possess a high initial viscosity, which upon the application of shear, drops to give the effect of an oillubricated bearing of approximately the same viscosity as the base oil used in the grease. Contrary to the other substances covered here, penetrating oils are not designed for longlasting. Jul 28, 2016 lubricants lubricants are those substances, which are used to reduce the force of friction between two sliding surfaces. In mechanical components, friction and wear lead to loss of energy efficiency. Properties of good lubricants a lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which reduces the heat generated. A good lubricant generally possesses the following characteristics. Angel ezhilarasi mam chemistry department thankz to all my friends. Properties of lubricants viscosity viscosity index flash point fire point cloud point pour point thankz to a. Although still widely used throughout the world as an internationally recognized standard reference text, after 15 years it was vital that it be updated.
Base oils are described by four physical properties that dictate how they will perform in service. The oils manufactured from these sources exhibit different properties and they are suitable for different applications. The chapter explains the fundamental physical properties of lubricants such as viscosity, viscosity temperature dependence, viscosity index, pour point, flash point, volatility, oxidation stability, thermal stability, etc. Act as a cooling fluid removing the heat produced by friction or from external sources. Based on its physical states, you can classify lubricants as. Physical properties of oil viscosity the viscosity of an oil is a measure of the oil s resistance to shear. For example, talc soft mineral magnesium silicate, wax, oil, grease, french powder, etc. The interrelationship between dissolved oxygen, test temperature, load, and fluid is also discussed. Considers applications of lubricants in hydraulics, gears and combustion engines. Preferred chemical and physical properties of lubricants are widely variable. Mnl59 astm international 100 barr harbor drive po box c700 west conshohocken, pa 194282959 printed in the u. Functionality of lubricants is defined by their chemical structure and their physical properties. Physical properties of lubricants valvolinecummins.
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